0 Cancer

The problem is that something inside begins the transformation of a normal cell a cancer cell . The fact that a single cell origin of cancer , cancer of a chapter in a book written on the principles of the separation of life necessitates . Cancer clarification seekers , issues described earlier in the book, you need to deal with .Beryllium and CancerBeryllium 's mine, too bad rabbits leads to bone cancer . This is the first work I started as a researcher , bent on deaths from employees working in the production of fluorescent lamp discovered by some scientists , workers, the lungs , the effect of some of the materials used in the lamp tubes breaking down. The researchers gave the animals containing beryllium phosphor material and bone cancers seen after a few months . Cancers grew rapidly , spread to other parts of the body , and caused the animals die within a week or two . Beryllium does not cause cancer in humans, in no time , but the damage to the lungs . Already now used in the manufacture of fluorescent lamps .Will be graduating from medical school , I made myself a job in beryllium how to find leads to cancer . First, the library scientists before me , What's on whether they have researched the behavior of living systems beryllium . Very little had been done. But there was an interesting point known . Extremely small amounts of beryllium in the body is an important enzyme called phosphatase stops all running . This enzyme is particularly important for bone , because bone helps to harden the calcium phosphate material collection . Another well -known fact , phosphatase enzyme to work, normally " magnesium " requirement that metal , beryllium , magnesium, very close relative in terms of atomic structure . At that time, the following question comes to mind : beryllium , magnesium poisoning phosphatase found to take place ? The answer is " yes " was. Beryllium enters the enzyme , the enzyme does not work , and thus makes taking out magnesium .
Beryllium and GrowthI was the case when I enter the subject . Problem was weighing in my mind , an idea came to my mind looks fine to me . Why is the "growth" that requires magnesium for a simple model system for studying ? If beryllium is found to have some impact on growth and the need for them is a connection between the system kurulabilirse magnesium , beryllium figure out how it affects cell growth could be a little bit closer . I chose to work with a simple model system , the plants büyümeğiydi . All plants contain chlorophyll molecules of magnesium . Chlorophyll , just as certain enzymes , magnesium, at least according to the function can not fulfill. Maybe out and beryllium magnesium chlorophyll , plants would be expected to lead to changes in the growth .Working in the greenhouse , and this is all you need to nutrition of plants in combination with a normal quantity of magnesium in solution in the bottle, starting grown tomato plants . These plants have developed very good in a few weeks .
Another group of plant , including beryllium in similar media and was made. Their growth, the same level as the growth of the group Beryllium .
On top of that , when there is beryllium enough magnesium , came to the conclusion does not cause any problems .The third group is given half the amount of the plant is also grown in the standard magnesium . These plants are grown in a week or so , then sarardılar , sarktılar and died.
This is the expected influence of the magnesium deficiency : a half- measure was not enough magnesium . The fourth group to the plant , and the third group was given until the magnesium and beryllium as abundant as the second group . The result is dramatic and fulfilling. These plants have developed nice and every aspect of the first and second group sağlıklıydılar up .
I reached the result was inevitable. Beryllium, at least half of the plant's need for magnesium and magnesium karşılaşabiliyordu sentenced to death, deprived of the growth of plants able to provide a fairly normal .So far, everything is very nice, the next step is to examine atmadığının threw out magnesium, beryllium into chlorophyll molecules . Four groups have also analyzed the plant klorofilini . And the absence of magnesium, beryllium trace all of them disappointed me . This result is disheartening , but I did not have nothing to say against the truth .Still, beryllium , magnesium plants normally able to do is doing . All experiments were repeated using a tiny single-celled green alga cultures , and I had exactly the same results .I explained why this story ? First of all, this is a confusing problem in cancer research is an interesting model system , attractive, and a mystery solved , the second is good science Illustrating how things have evolved . One idea, is expected to reach a dramatic conclusion , but it may be expected in the wrong description . Then you have a need for a better proposal . Thirdly, what do I do next on the election should be a critical moment, the beryllium problemindeki experience for me, to bring a proposal to believe that it sınayabildiğime experiment . So I realized I could do a career in science . Did not bother me that my theory is wrong . Most of the thoughts of human life is wrong and a good idea for a few lucky encounters .I worked on this problem for two more years . Plant -based enzymes, magnesium , beryllium magnesium magnesium -dependent enzymes of plant competition, published on the interesting discoveries . But since then, nor I, nor anyone else , this simple, metal , or rabbit bones of the location of the impact on the growth of plants explain. A major unsolved problem , waiting for a sufficient solution . Of course, a simple metal to produce cancer , but it can handle a matter of a very talented scientist .

What is Cancer ?Let's make a clear picture of what cancer is . tic approach, we can say that the abnormal behavior of cancer cells passed through inheritance . This abnormal behavior , in any part of the body , start at any time . Behavior of cancer cells has two main features : 1 ) Cancer cells multiply faster than normal cells are neighbors . As we saw in the last chapter , but this is the period of growth of normal cells and later adulthood is reached, stop. Varılınca the original size of the liver regeneration of cell division . As long as a food source in cancer cells , can not stop the division in no time . 2) changes in cancer cells and the surrounding cells is the usual relations , so that a relatively independent , egoistic and pretend to be a bad neighbor . Cell adhesion , is an important feature of embryogenesisin recall . Dividing cells , with special proteins surfaces tend to bond with their neighbors to each other . The basic nature of the loss of normal cells , leading to malignant growth should be an important element .The above combination of the two properties , ie with increasing speed of cell division , cell adhesion loss is fatal. This is incompatible with the new and strange touch , is the birthplace of the growth of the point spread rapidly . After all , the cells may metastasize in other words, to go to other parts of the body movement , there can create new colonies of cancer . And over time, divided , comfortable, non-stop cells in the body kill their birth .Out of the Body CancerMedical researchers from the body when you take a piece of problem , a simple glass container if they hired to be optimistic on the starting solution . This can be checked proposals at hand, a system , which means sınanabilirliği critical experiments . Cancer , as mentioned earlier , the cells are getting sick. The cells were taken from the body easily examined in the laboratory glass containers . There are very few people who could be studied disease so easily , actually.Come on, look at the behavior of cancer cells and normal cells in glass containers . Before the middle of a container to put one or two normal body cells and will cover them with a liquid feeder .
Over a period of a few days , we are constantly in relationship with each other without stopping and break the glass .
Cells divide halt when they reach the edges of the container .
Since the cells , as a film to a depth of a single layer of cells , balanced , they remain in good neighborhood relations . A small fraction of cells in the glass , Scratch If we start dividing cells next to the wound as soon as possible fill the gap . Kaplanınca space monolayer cell , cell division stops again .If you notice this behavior , but it looks like a refresh on the basis of the hücrelerinkine simpler than theirs . Cleavage of a renewal , a preset boundary , until it reaches the size of the original organ takes quickly . When normal cells in both systems to stop us from believing they know that there is a behavior .Now , We monitor the behavior of cancer cells . A few of them in a bowl , let's look at what to do .
Start to finish container divided into normal cells do not have many differences .
But when they access the shore of the container , not only similarities in normal cells .
Continue to divide , so that an irregular manner , accumulating more and more on top of the cell . How to stop the growth of the cells look like unutmuşa .
The only thing that could prevent the division CONTINUING now , the lack of nutrients . There is no other feature of cancer cells without cell ; ölümsüzmüşçesine unlimited ability to reproduce . Indeed, some cancer cells , except for the bodies of the victims live in a very long time . The most famous example of this phenomenon , in 1951, who died of ovarian cancer received surgery Henriette Lacks'den cancer cells. Jane Smith later died of cancer , but cancer cells and put some glass jars , food was given to them . Continued to divide . Today, the " HeLa " cells are known as , is still living , and split, ! Are used widely in cancer research .Davranıyorlarsa how the cancer cells in the body , it is also acting in a glass container . Restrictions applied by normal cells discarded. Prohibition of cell division , the cells were discharged at a certain gap arises when they access or a predetermined total mass . Cancer in the loss of this ability ,There is nothing we can do in glass containers . Normal cells could induce cancer . Adding cancer causing agents in animals , cancer causing viruses , especially human cells outside the body can cause disease . This phenomenon is very exciting for scientists because the outside of the body each step being to cause cancer in the laboratory , can be viewed on conditions that can be checked .
Blood supply to the cancerGlass is not typical of cancer cells growing on a three-dimensional , soft tissue -like environment, are closer to reality can be considered that yetiştirilmelerinin . When this is done with the naked eye , but can be selected cancer cells grow until it forms a small ball . More büyümemelerinin because nutrients are below in this case easily . If you are soon vascular cells , cancer cells, a small ball , tepkilendirecektir them to produce new blood vessels . Extends up into the blood vessels, so that the mass of cancer and cancer cells begin dividing again . Dallandıkça blood vessels to grow , food taşıdıkça , cancer mass can become quite large . Develop cancer in the body supplied with blood . This research led by Judah Folkman , cancer cells at the same time , something that has resulted in the growth of blood vessels show salgıladıklarını . This outbreak of research on what is going on. We knew what it was , can resist , could've killed besinsizlikten cancer .Is Cancer Mutation Happen?One reason for this is how the ineluctable features of a cell can be won ? Of course, I do not know yet . What a great question pulled the trigger of the transformation . But a few things on the format of the start of cancer in the body , mind mutation , in other words, it brings a change in the DNA of a single cell .1 Cancer always seems to start with a change in a single cell spikes .2 Cell sick one time , it 's all positive cultures is diseased . So, going through a bad property from cell to cell .3 Cancer cells compared to normal cells grow in him look like to have the advantage of selecting from .4 Many of the causes of cancer , for example, chemicals, x -rays and ultraviolet rays cause mutations in the same time becoming .If so, it is very rare cancer , one of the reasons that could change in the DNA , ie, mutation.Viruses and CancerCertain viruses can cause cancer types . Now this fact , mutations in the word for it is interesting to see the links .Let's current cancer research started again, what appears as the preferred model system ? Recall that we saw in the previous section bacteria that live virus . Virus DNA having a bacterial virus produced by machine and then going all the bacteria .But sometimes, the virus enters the bacterial cell 's DNA is quite strange and unexpected things can happen. Virus DNA into the DNA of bacteria added quietly , virus gene , bacteria gene converge. In this case, the new virus is made. Something had happened to him maintain bacterial cell division . But it appeared a drastic change . The virus enters the bacteria and breed in it , also carry the virus 's DNA . Properties and as a result, changed behavior .What is happening ? Virus genes , now function as a part of the DNA of bacteria doing . Messenger RNA and messenger RNAs are forced to dictate what to do with the bacteria go ribosomuna report that the making of new proteins . Produced proteins, the bacteria come to become part of the way to alter the character . To summarize , those derived from bacteria and all , is now part of the DNA of bacteria with the presence of the virus that has been changed.Of course, they do a lousy job of viruses . When we learned that a virus is the cause of many cancers in animals , eyes, the importance of this phenomenon is growing now .Animal viruses, cancer cells , remarkably , bacteria, viruses deeds are doing similar things . Enter into the cells . Seem to have been lost before , and then merging the genes of the cell 's DNA . Cell characteristics, based on changing in a bad way .Combining the stories of a specific mutation in the virus and can generalize from viruses or mutations in the new genes , cells can give rise to new proteins . These are in turn more rapid growth around the surface variations that led to broken behavior , and initiate other cancer -like properties .Many cancer does not seem to Virüslermiş ReasonOf all human cancers , including viruses cause cancer does not seem a lot . This is not to say that human cancers are caused by viruses not only can not prove it . The above- mentioned cases , the viruses appear sometimes highly skilled at keeping their assets in cancer makes it very difficult to determine them .The body's response to cancerCancer cells , bad neighbors , çevrelerindin kopukturlar and act independently of each other when I say , it was a case arising from the cell surface to understand the condition . Cancer cells, neighboring cells, cell - cell , the surface -to-surface feel purchases . This interaction is not normal , surfaces of cancer cells , cells derived from them show that it had become different surfaces . Identified as such in this experiment .Now, if the cancer cell surface is different from that in the cell normally in the body, the "foreign" Is it ? However, I want to tell you who : the surface of the body is so different from the immune system will be foreign ? The answer seems to be yes . Cancer cells look like kışkırtıyora immune responses . Physical defense, to destroy cancer cells showing weak reactions .This information is promising . Because if the body itself espousing against cancer , infectious diseases using principles we know to protect , the body may be possible to strengthen the defense of the vaccine .Cancer and the EnvironmentEver-increasing evidence of cancer, eat , drink , breathe , due to the influence of the other things and left , supported the view . These three types of evidence . First, many cancers , the geographical area of the world to another, demonstrate major changes , and the second , with the migration of groups of people from one country to another , change in the incidence of some types of cancers in their children . For example , the United States of Japanese settled , a relatively higher rate of gastric cancer in Japan decreased. Children of immigrants , as well as other Americans , one-fifth of the disease less frequently encountered.Easterlings breast cancer rate is low , but they settled in the United States increased six-fold . Thirdly, in the air, water and food , chemical pollutants have identified more than proven to cause cancer .Encouraging to know them in a way . We can do is hope for controlling environmental pollution because of cancer . But , it is difficult to know to achieve . For example, the habit of smoking is prevalent. The worst cancers , lung cancer who were victims of 100,000 per year , tobacco is one of the most important reasons is known for fifteen years , even though the government supports the tobacco industry .No Reasons, Causes FarVirus , conflict with or contradict each other mutations and environmental impacts must be understood . DNA mutation and the change directly to the cancer- causing virus . But why things need to be a mutation ( distributed environment, chemicals, may be guilty of changing the DNA into our bodies . ) Away from the chemical substances in this sense the surrounding area , causing mutation and even closer to the virus causes.James and Elizabeth Miller from the University of Wisconsin , found that the properties of chemical substances that can cause cancer . " Carsinogen called" common property of these substances in the body , DNA, RNA and protein substances capable of binding the convert . Thus, in our environment that can cause cancer, the most of it, in the cell with limited features , but its effects also come into a group of substances . Carcinogens produced in our bodies , then we can say : their own bodies , we can make a harmless chemical substances lethal substances . Shafts work , but also to cancer in some animals were caught, others are not affected by the result shows that the same substance . Arrested cancer cells , carcinogenic substances, these substances can translate the enzymes , while there is some animals these enzymes .Environmental pollution that leads to cancer , the research on the causes of cancer to nearby would be very wrong to leave . There is no assurance about the use to control our environment , no matter how . In addition, cancer risk , the epidemic had before industrialization poisoning our environment . The most robust way to achieve the prevention and treatment of cancer , changes in the cell takes place this killer to learn in detail what is going on .Halt the progressof cancer ?Can return to a certain cancer cells become normal again ! This means the cancer is not always an irreversible situation . There is a possibility to return to normal, the potential of cancer cells . We have just said , dr. Beatrice Mintz, Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, based on his experiments . Called teratoma of cancer , male mouse embryos grown in laboratory dishes provided. Then the embryos are placed in the uterus and birth is expected of a mouse . The young are born after all their cells , now is a mixture of normal cells behave teratoma . The former presence of cancer cells , genes work be detected , for example, black hairy rat offspring born parents , feathers with white spots will be determined by genes in cancer cells . Now this is acting normal cells, cancer cells start to do things they did not do period . Accordingly, in the embryo, and cancer cells suppressed the environment , but also appears to support the normal behavior . Embryo cancer cells from normal cells around them remain independent , lost only cancer properties . The genes of growing and , in fact, derived from them , such as normal mouse cells are expressed.We do not know how far these findings generalizable . For specific cancer types, only the results of these experiments is called teratoma . Nevertheless, teratoma experiments , a hint of a particle 's quite important to overseeing the growth of the cancer . Wherein the cancer cells , the effect of the conditions normally found in the developing embryo , can return to their normal cell . This , of course, an invention is rich in content .Than any other artificial things that can stop the growth of cancer cells . X -rays or other radiation types, can kill cancer cells . In addition, in order to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells in humans today , a lot of chemicals are commonly used . The fulfillment of the functions of the cells in delaying cancer growth hormones are important regulators of effective they are. Most of the drugs given to the patient , which is vital for a number of cancer cells interfere in affairs . Unfortunately, doing interplay similar to normal cells . Accordingly the doctor , drug , radiation and surgical treatment of the cancer cells to kill the patient's normal cells need to find a combination of less hazardous . This last approach is more and more success . Continuously been investigated the causes of cancer , treatment can reach a successful start , or could avoid all forms of cancer, there are many reasons to be able to hope . Optimism of the cancer based on the fact that a cell disease . Been major advances in the understanding of cancer cells and looked outside , it looks like there are many reasons why , when viewed through the issue , the trigger mechanism is the only one who comes close to mind .